Makapu a mapepala, mbale za mapepala, ndi mabokosi a chakudya chamasana a mapepala ndi zida zodyera zobiriwira zowala kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 2000.
Kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa, mbale zopangira mapepala zakhala zikugulitsidwa kwambiri m'maiko ndi madera otukuka monga Europe, America, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, ndi Hong Kong. Zogulitsa mapepala zili ndi makhalidwe apadera monga kukongola, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi ukhondo, kukana mafuta komanso kutentha, komanso sizimawononga poizoni komanso fungo, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino, zimamveka bwino, zimawonongeka komanso sizimadetsa. Zipatso zopangira mapepala zitangolowa pamsika, anthu adazilandira mwachangu ndi kukongola kwake kwapadera. Makampani opanga zakudya zachangu padziko lonse lapansi komanso ogulitsa zakumwa monga McDonald's, KFC, Coca-Cola, Pepsi ndi opanga zakudya zosiyanasiyana zofewa amagwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zophikira mapepala. Ngakhale zinthu zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki zomwe zinaonekera zaka makumi awiri zapitazo ndipo zinatamandidwa kuti "Chisinthiko Choyera" zinabweretsa mwayi kwa anthu, zinapanganso "kuipitsa koyera" komwe n'kovuta kuchotsa masiku ano. Chifukwa chakuti mbale za pulasitiki zimakhala zovuta kuzibwezeretsanso, kutentha kumabweretsa mpweya woipa, ndipo sikungawonongeke mwachilengedwe, ndipo kuyika m'manda kudzawononga kapangidwe ka nthaka. Boma langa limagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambirimbiri chaka chilichonse kuti lithane ndi vutoli, koma silikhala ndi zotsatirapo zambiri. Kupanga zinthu zobiriwira komanso zosamalira chilengedwe komanso kuthetsa kuipitsa koyera kwakhala nkhani yaikulu padziko lonse lapansi.
Pakadali pano, kuchokera kumayiko ena, mayiko ambiri ku Europe ndi United States akhazikitsa kale malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodyera zapulasitiki. Poganizira momwe zinthu zilili m'nyumba, Unduna wa Njanji, Unduna wa Zolumikizirana, Boma Loona za Chitetezo cha Zachilengedwe, Boma la State Planning Commission, Unduna wa Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo, ndi maboma am'deralo monga Wuhan, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Dalian, Xiamen, Guangzhou ndi mizinda ina ikuluikulu yambiri atsogolera popereka malamulo oletsa kwathunthu kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodyera zapulasitiki zotayidwa. Chikalata Nambala 6 cha State Economic and Trade Commission (1999) chimafotokozanso momveka bwino kuti kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2000, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zophikira zapulasitiki kudzaletsedwa kwathunthu mdziko lonselo. Kusintha kwapadziko lonse lapansi pakupanga mbale zapulasitiki kukubuka pang'onopang'ono. Zinthu zobiriwira komanso zosawononga chilengedwe za "pepala m'malo mwa pulasitiki" zakhala chimodzi mwazomwe zikuchitika pakukula kwa anthu masiku ano.
Pofuna kusintha ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko cha ntchito ya "pepala-kupanga-pulasitiki", pa Disembala 28, 1999, Bungwe la Zachuma ndi Malonda la Boma, mogwirizana ndi Utsogoleri wa Boma wa Ubwino ndi Kuyang'anira Ukadaulo, Unduna wa Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo adatulutsa miyezo iwiri yadziko lonse, "Miyezo Yaukadaulo Yonse ya Zida Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Zowonongeka" ndi "Njira Zoyesera Zochita Zowonongeka Zowonongeka", zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira Januware 1, 2000. Imapereka maziko ogwirizana aukadaulo opangira, kugulitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuyang'anira zida zophikira zowonongeka zotayika m'dziko lathu. Ndi chitukuko chachangu cha chuma cha dziko lathu komanso kusintha kwa miyezo ya moyo wa anthu, chidziwitso cha anthu cha ukhondo ndi thanzi chikukulirakulira nthawi zonse. Pakadali pano, makapu a mapepala otayika akhala ofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu m'madera ambiri otukuka zachuma.
Akatswiri akulosera kuti m'zaka zitatu zapitazi, ziwiya zophikira mapepala zidzafalikira mwachangu mdziko muno ndikulowa m'mabanja ambiri. Msika wake ukukula mofulumira komanso ukukulirakulira. Ndi chizolowezi chambiri kuti ziwiya zapulasitiki zithetse ntchito yake yakale, ndipo ziwiya zapepala zikukhala mafashoni.
Pakadali pano, msika wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi mapepala wangoyamba kumene, ndipo msika uli ndi mwayi waukulu. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi mapepala ndi ziwiya zophikira kunali 3 biliyoni mu 1999, ndipo kunafika 4.5 biliyoni mu 2000. Zikuyembekezeka kuti zidzawonjezeka kwambiri pamlingo wa 50% chaka chilichonse m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi. Ziwiya zophikira mapepala zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mabizinesi, ndege, malo odyera apamwamba, malo odyera zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi, mabizinesi akuluakulu ndi apakatikati, madipatimenti aboma, mahotela, mabanja m'madera otukuka zachuma, ndi zina zotero, ndipo zikufalikira mofulumira kumizinda yapakatikati ndi yaying'ono ku China. Ku China, dziko lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuthekera kwake pamsika kumapereka malo ambiri kwa opanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi mapepala.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-29-2024